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The history of macOS, Apple's current Mac operating system originally named Mac OS X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016, began with the company's project to replace its 'classic' Mac OS.That system, up to and including its final release Mac OS 9, was a direct descendant of the operating system Apple had used in its Macintosh computers since their introduction in 1984.
Zeroconf is a collection of tools and protocols to allow networks to configure themselves. It is called Bonjour (formerly Rendezvous) by Apple, and used extensively on Mac OS X.
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Zeroconf consists of:
Traditionally most of its work is done by DHCP and DNS. But the decentralised zeroconf method is appropriate in some situations, for example ad-hoc networks. It also requires no configuration (apart from the installation).
It works happily along side traditional tools. For example you may have an IP address allocated by DHCP and use DNS to resolve address on the web, but still use the hostname.local from MDNS (Multicast DNS) to resolve the addresses of other computers on the LAN.
Note, if you are not doing this on your own network you may want to talk to the Network Admin first. Although zeroconf is a fairly efficient protocol the admin may not want the extra traffic. Also be aware that it is trivially easy to spoof an mdns .local name.
It can currently be used for:
Automatic discovery of VoIP clients in your local network - Ekiga
Zeroconf is installed and configured by default in the Desktop version of Ubuntu 9.04. The following steps can be used for testing:
Go to System > Preferences > Remote Desktop. Check the first two boxes under Sharing and configure the Security settings as desired.
Now each computer with avahi-daemon (or mdnsresponder) installed will identify itself on the network as
for example, my computer flute, identifies itself as
Now any computer on the network can use hostname.local in place of an ip address. For example you can do
or
If you are running a firewall and you are having problems like
then it is possible that your firewall is blocking the zeroconf communication. If you can turn your firewall off and this fixes the problem, then it is definitely the firewall.
If you are using Firestarter all multicast traffic is blocked. This may be configurable in the next version. The current work around is to edit /etc/firestarter/user-pre as root. You will need to chmod u+w this file to make it writable before editing. For example,
Set the contents of the file to the following
Then, save the file, make it read-only, and restart firestarter
Now you should be able to resolve .local names.
If you are using [Guarddog] as a firewall, you'll need to create a new zone for multicast traffic and add an entry to the networkprotocoldb.xml file.
Call the new zone 'multicast' and set its Zone Addresses to 224.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 Add the XML below into /usr/share/apps/guarddog/networkprotocoldb.xml just above where it says '<protocol name='domain'>'. Restart [Guarddog] & then check the boxes to allow mDns traffic between your zones.
Zeroconf
Bonjour
libnss-mdns
Avahi mdns responder
To use a keyboard shortcut, press and hold one or more modifier keys and then press the last key of the shortcut. For example, to use Command-C (copy), press and hold the Command key, then the C key, then release both keys. Mac menus and keyboards often use symbols for certain keys, including modifier keys:
On keyboards made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option, and the Windows logo key instead of Command.
Some keys on some Apple keyboards have special symbols and functions, such as for display brightness , keyboard brightness , Mission Control, and more. If these functions aren't available on your keyboard, you might be able to reproduce some of them by creating your own keyboard shortcuts. To use these keys as F1, F2, F3, or other standard function keys, combine them with the Fn key.
You might need to press and hold some of these shortcuts for slightly longer than other shortcuts. This helps you to avoid using them unintentionally.
* Does not apply to the Touch ID sensor.
The behavior of these shortcuts may vary with the app you're using.
For more shortcuts, check the shortcut abbreviations shown in the menus of your apps. Every app can have its own shortcuts, and shortcuts that work in one app might not work in another.