Software Mono

Dark Mode

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In macOS 10.14 and later, users can choose to adopt a dark system-wide appearance instead of a light appearance. In Dark Mode, the system adopts a darker color palette for all windows, views, menus, and controls. The system also uses more vibrancy to make foreground content stand out against the darker backgrounds.

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Focus on your content. Dark Mode puts the focus on the content areas of your interface, allowing that content to stand out while the surrounding chrome recedes into the background.

Dark Mode is an aesthetic choice for users. Users can choose Dark Mode as their default interface style, and may use it at any time of day or in any lighting conditions.

Test your design in both light and dark appearances. See how your interface looks in both appearances, and adjust your designs as needed to accommodate each one. In Dark Mode, see how your designs look when Desktop Tinting is active. Decisions that work well in one appearance might not work in the other.

Adopt vibrancy in your interfaces. Vibrancy improves the contrast between foreground and background colors, making your foreground content appear more prominent. See Translucency and Vibrancy.

Colors

The color palette in Dark Mode includes darker background colors and lighter foreground colors. These colors aren’t necessarily an inversion of their light counterparts. While many colors are inverted, some are not. For example, both light and dark appearances use dark lines to create visual separations between views.

Embrace colors that adapt to the current appearance. Semantic colors (like labelColor and controlColor) adapt to the current appearance automatically. When you need a custom color, add a Color Set asset to your app’s asset catalog and specify the light and dark variants of the color. Avoid using hard-coded color values or colors that don’t adapt.

Ensure sufficient color contrast in all appearances. Using system-defined colors ensures a proper contrast ratio between your foreground and background content. For custom foreground and background colors, strive for a contrast ratio of 7:1. This ratio ensures that your foreground content stands out from the background, including when Desktop Tinting is active. It also ensures that your content meets more stringent accessibility guidelines. At a minimum, make sure the contrast ratio between colors is no lower than 4.5:1.

Soften the color of white backgrounds. If you must use a white background for your content in Dark Mode, choose a slightly darker white that prevents the background from glowing against the surrounding dark content.

For related guidance, including information about color accessibility standards, see Color and Contrast.

Desktop Tinting

Apps running in Dark Mode benefit from Desktop Tinting. When active, Desktop Tinting causes window backgrounds to pick up color from the user's desktop picture. The result is a subtle tinting effect that helps windows blend more harmoniously with their surrounding content. Users who prefer not to have the additional tinting, perhaps because they work with color-sensitive content, can disable this effect by choosing the graphite accent color in System Preferences.

Include some transparency in custom control colors. Transparency lets your controls pick up color imparted by the window background and by Desktop Tinting. That additional color creates a harmony between your controls and backgrounds, which persists even when the desktop picture changes.

Images, Icons, and Glyphs

The system makes extensive use of template images in Dark Mode. A template image is a monochromatic image with transparency, anti-aliasing, and no drop shadow that uses a mask to define its shape. The system also includes many full-color images that are optimized for both light and dark appearances.

Use template images wherever possible. Template images adapt to light and dark interfaces, and they can take full advantage of vibrancy. Full-color images that look good in one interface might look washed out in another. For related guidance, see Custom Icons.

Design individual glyphs for light and dark appearances when necessary. A glyph that uses a hollow outline in light mode might look better as a solid, filled shape in Dark Mode.

Make sure full-color images look good. Use the same asset if it looks good in both light and dark appearances. If an asset looks good in only one appearance, modify the asset or create separate light and dark assets. Use asset catalogs to combine your assets into a single, named image.

Typography

The system uses vibrancy and increased contrast to maintain the legibility of text on darker backgrounds.

Use the system-provided label colors for text. The primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary label colors adapt automatically to light and dark appearances. For related guidance, see Typography.

Use system views to draw static text. System views and controls make your app’s text look good on all backgrounds, adjusting automatically for the presence or absence of vibrancy. Don’t draw text yourself when you could use a system-provided view to display that text instead. See NSTextField and NSTextView.

NAMD Features

Current NAMD Feature Summary

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Software Setup

• Free to download and use. (Redistribution prohibited.)
• Precompiled binaries provided for Linux, Mac, and Windows.
• Installed at major NSF supercomputer sites.
• Portable to virtually any platform with ethernet or MPI.
• C++ source code and CVS access for modification.

Molecule Building

• VMD used to prepare molecular structure for simulation.
• Also reads X-PLOR, CHARMM, AMBER, and GROMACS input files.
• Psfgen tool generates structure and coordinate files for CHARMM force field.
• Efficient conjugate gradient minimization.
• Fixed atoms and harmonic restraints.
• Thermal equilibration via periodic rescaling, reinitialization, or Langevin dynamics.

Basic Simulation

• Constant temperature via rescaling, coupling, or Langevin dynamics.
• Constant pressure via Berendsen or Langevin Nose-Hoover methods.
• Particle mesh Ewald full electrostatics for periodic systems.
• Symplectic multiple timestep integration.
• Rigid waters and bonds to hydrogen atoms.

Advanced Simulation

• Chemical and conformational free energy calculations.
• Enhanced sampling via replica exchange.
• Tcl based scripting and steering forces.
• Analysis implemented as Tcl scripts in VMD.
• Interactive visual steering interface to VMD.

Scalable Performance

• Based on the Charm++/Converse parallel runtime system.
• Spatial data decomposition for limited communication pattern.
• Message driven execution for latency tolerance on commodity networks.
• Measurement-based load balancing for scaling to thousands of processors.
• Largest simulation to date is over 100,000,000 atoms on 300,000 cores.

Historical Version Highlights

NAMD 2.9 New Features (Apr 2012)

• Improved (temperature/Hamiltonian) replica-exchange implementation
• Replica-based umbrella sampling via collective variables module
• Optimized shared-memory single-node and multiple-node CUDA builds
• CUDA GPU-accelerated generalized Born implicit solvent (GBIS) model
• CUDA GPU-accelerated energy evaluation and minimization
• Native CRAY XE/XK uGNI network layer implementation
• Faster grid forces and lower-accuracy 'lite' implementation
• Hybrid MD with knowledge-based Go forces to drive folding
• Linear combination of pairwise overlaps (LCPO) SASA for GBIS model
• Weeks-Chandler-Anderson decomposition for alchemical FEP simulations
• Collective variables module improvements
• Updates to CUDA 4.0 and Tcl 8.5.9, plus option to build with FFTW 3
• Enhanced performance and scalability

NAMD 2.8 New Features (May 2011)

• Generalized Born implicit solvent model
• Accelerated molecular dynamics method
• MARTINI residue-based coarse-grain forcefield
• Non-uniform grids in grid forces
• Symmetry and domain restraints
• Collective variables module improvements
• Force output and trajectory files
• Shared-memory single-node and multiple-node builds
• Measurement-based grain-size adjustment in load balancer
• Experimental memory-optimized version with parallel I/O
• Microsoft Windows HPC Server port and released binaries
• Support for NBFIX parameters in CUDA builds
• Enhanced performance and scalability

NAMD 2.7 New Features (Oct 2010)

• Collective variable-based calculations
• Improved free energy methods for alchemical transformations
• Grid-based forces and molecular dynamics flexible fitting
• Additional bonded terms for restraining molecular structure
• Support for TIP4P water model
• Support for CHARMM Drude polarizable force field
• Support for C2 long-range electrostatics splitting function
• Support for VDW force switching and long-range tail corrections
• NVIDIA CUDA GPU acceleration of nonbonded force evaluation
• Direct (non-MPI) support for InfiniBand via OFED ibverbs library
• Use of mpirun to launch non-MPI (network or ibverbs) binaries
• Enhanced performance and scalability

NAMD 2.6 New Features (Aug 2006)

• Ports to Itanium, Altix, and Opteron/Athlon64/EMT64.
• Port to Mac OS X for Intel processors.
• Ports to Cray XT3 and IBM BlueGene/L (source code only).
• Improved serial performance, especially on POWER and PowerPC.
• Adaptive biasing force free energy calculations.
• Customizable replica exchange simulations.
• Tcl-based boundary potentials.
• Reduced memory usage for unusual simulations.
• Support for CHARMM 31 stream files and CMAP crossterms.
• Support for OPLS force field.

NAMD 2.5 New Features (Sep 2003)

• Improved parallel scaling and serial performance.
• Trajectory reading and interaction energy analysis.
• Improved constant pressure simulation and coordinate wrapping.

NAMD 2.4 New Features (Mar 2002)

• Greatly improved parallel scaling with particle mesh Ewald.
• Locally enhanced sampling via multiple non-interacting images.
• Alchemical free energy perturbation for mutation, ligands, etc.
• GROMACS ASCII topology and coordinate input file compatibility.

NAMD 2.3 New Features (Aug 2001)

• AMBER file compatibility (parm and coordinate input only).
• The new psfgen tool for building PSF structure files.
• Simpler to run on a single workstation. (No more rsh!)
• New ports to the Compaq AlphaServer SC, Scyld Beowulf, and Mac OS X.
• Improved serial performance, particularly with PME on Alpha.

NAMD 2.2 New Features (Sep 2000)

• New ports to the IBM RS/6000 SP and Windows NT.
• Parallelized particle mesh Ewald FFT and reciprocal space sum.
• Release binaries contain FFTW (under special license).
• Much faster minimizer based on conjugate gradient method.
• Improved load balancer with scaling to over 1024 processors.

NAMD 2.1 New Features (Nov 1999)

• Tcl scripting language interface and config file parsing.
• Mollified impulse multiple timestepping method.
• Faster particle mesh Ewald implementation.
• Periodic boundaries for non-orthogonal cells.
• New interactive molecular dynamics interface to VMD.

NAMD 2.0 New Features (Mar 1999)

• Supports periodic and non-periodic MD simulations
• Can use DPME for full electrostatics for periodic simulations.
• Triple timestepping
• Rigid bonds to hydrogen atoms.
• Fixed atoms (Atoms which are constrained not to move do not haveforces calculated for them).
• Berendsen and Langevin piston constant pressure methods
• Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD)
• Ability to read CHARMM format parameter files.

NAMD 1.5 Features (Sep 1998)

Many of the statements below do not apply to verisions 2.0 and higher.For example,Charm++/Converse has replacedPVM as the parallel communication library and particle mesh Ewald (PME)has replaced DPMTA as the full electrostatics algorithm of choice.Input file formats and configuration parameters have, however,remained mostly compatible across this transition.

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• Efficient full electrostatics. NAMD incorporates the Distributed ParallelMultipole Tree Algorithm (DPMTA) developed by theScientificComputing Groupat Duke University to provide full electrostatic interactionsin O(N) time. To further reduce the computational cost, DPMTA isintegrated using a multiple timestep integration scheme which computesfull electrostatic interactions only periodically during the simulation.
• Scalable parallelism, to simulate large systems using many processors.Efficient parallel design uses a spatial decomposition scheme combined withmulti-threaded, message-driven execution to achieve load balance and overlapof communication with computation.
• Modifiable, to enable researchers to experiment with new algorithms andtechniques. The design and implementation of NAMDis fully documented in theNAMDProgramming Guide.NAMD has an object-oriented design implemented in C++to help achieve the highest degree of modularity and data abstraction.
• Portable, to allow NAMD to run across a variety of platforms.For communication, NAMD usesPVM(Parallel Virtual Machine) fromOak Ridge National Laboratory, which has itself been ported tomost architectures. Porting NAMD is then simply a matter of havingPVM and a reasonable C++ compiler. We have successfully portedNAMD to all of our UNIX machines, which include HP, SGI, Sun,and Linux, both single processor and shared memory multiprocessor.
• Compatibility withX-PLOR.The input and output files for NAMD are identical to those usedby the program X-PLOR. Thus, simulations can easily be migrated betweenthe two packages, allowing the output of NAMD to be analyzed using X-PLORor any other tool built for these file formats.
• Implementation of standard molecular dynamics features such asenergy minimization, velocity rescaling,spherical harmonic boundary conditions,harmonic atom restraints, and Langevin dynamics.